AGRICULTURE IN INDIA FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION

INDIAN economy hinges on agriculture. 

🔵over 50% of indian population is directly or indirectly dependent on agriculture (2018). 

🔵Agriculture & allied sectors contribute nearly 18% of GDP of india (2018). 

🔵Total geographical area ➡️ 328.75 million hectares.

🔵total reporting area for land use ➡️308 million hectares.

🔵Net sown area ➡️ 142 million hectares (46% of 308 million hectares.)

🔵there are 3 crop season in india

◾️Kharif  (summer ) 

•sown in june -july. 

•harvested in september -october. 

•e.g rice, maize bajra, ragi, oilseeds, pulses, jowar,  cotton, jute. 

◾️Rabi ( winter ) 

•sown in october - December. 

•harvested in April -may.

•e.g wheat, gram, peas, lentil, barley, mustard, rapeseed. 

◾️Zaid :these crops are sown in early summer,   in march and collected in early june.

• zaid are raised between April -june.

•e.g watermelon, cucumber, toris leafy and others vegetables. 

◾️Types of Farming 
A)shifting Farming : it is practised by the tribals in the forest areas of assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Manipur, Tripura, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh,Odisha, Madhya pradesh, Andhra pradesh.

◾️Various name of it

 States                       names of shifting cultivation 

•Assam                                jhum
•Kerala                                ponam
•Andhra pradesh              podu 

           &

   Odisha
•Madhya pradesh             Beewar, Mashan,                                                           penda,Beera.

•In this type of agriculture, a piece of forest land is cleared mainly by tribal people by felling and burning of trees and crops are grown.
•shifting cultivation is not visible in west bengal.

B) Intensive Farming : in this farming the cultivator uses large amount of labour and capital on a relatively small area.
• in countries, where the size of population is big  but land is less, this type of farming is done.


C)Extensive Farming : this is a system of farming in which the cultivator uses a limited amount of labour and capital on a relatively large area.
• this type of agriculture is practised in countries where population size is small and land is enough.


◾️Green Revolution 


The increase in agricultural productivity of cereals that has taken place since the 1960s mainly as a result of introduction of high yielding  varieties of wheat and rice and use of fertilizer, machines & irrigation etc, is known as green revolution.
•Norman -e-Burlaugb is the father of green revolution in the world.
• Dr. m.s. swaminathan is known as the father of indian green revolution.

◾️Positive impact of green revolution
▪️increase in agricultural production
▪️reduction of the import of foodgrains.
▪️capitalistic farming
▪️industrial growth
▪️rural employment

◾️Negative impact of green revolution
▪️iner crop imbalance
▪️increase in regional imbalance
▪️unemployment due to mechanisation
▪️increase in inter - regional migration



◾️Type of crops 

A)cereals : wheat, rice, gram, barley, bajra(milets)

B)cash crops : sugarcane, poppy,

C)oil seeds : coconut, linseed, groundnut, rape & mustard, sesame.

D)Fibre crops : cotton, jute, silk, hemp

E)plantation : coffee, rubber, tea, tobacco

F)spices :pepper, cashewnuts, ginger, turmeric.



Growing condition of some important crops

  Crops   ➖️ temperature       ➖️  rainfall  ➖️      soil

◾️Rice 
➡️net above 35°c ➖️150-300cm➖️clayey orloamy

◾️wheat
 ➡️19-15°c(winter) ➖️80cm  ➖️ alluvial
      21-26°c(summer)

◾️cotton
➡️ 21-30°c ➖️50-75 cm ➖️black(regur)
     but not below 21°c

◾️sugarcane
➡️20-26°➖️  100-150cm   ➖️  alluvial

◾️jowar 
➡️ not below 16°c    ➖️<100 cm    ➖️clayey&sandy

◾️jute 
➡️ 24-35°c   ➖️  150cm➖️lightsandy&clayeyloam

◾️tea 
➡️ 24-30°c   ➖️ 125-375cm ➖️deep friable loams

◾️coffee
➡️   15-28°c ➖️   150-200cm         ➖️   friable loams

◾️bajra
➡️ 25-30°c   ➖️40-50cm          ➖️       red & black

◾️ragi 
➡️    20-30°c   ➖️50-100cm      ➖️ red, sandy loams

◾️pulses
➡️   20-25°c   ➖️50-75cm     ➖️ alluvial

◾️rubber
➡️25-35°c    ➖️   150-200cm   ➖️  rich well drained
 soils

◾️tobacco
➡️ 16-40°c   ➖️   50-100cm  ➖️  alluvial or black


🔵Leading  producer states of various crops of india 


◾️Wheat
        ➡️ uttar pradesh >punjab >madhya pradesh
◾️Rice
        ➡️west bengal >punjab >uttar pradesh
◾️Gram
        ➡️madhya pradesh > maharashtra
◾️Bajra (milets)
        ➡️rajasthan >uttar pradesh >Gujarat
◾️sugarcane
        ➡️uttar pradesh >maharashtra
◾️coconut
        ➡️kerala >karnataka >tamilnadu
◾️sunflower
        ➡️karnataka >bihar >odisha
◾️cotton
        ➡️gujarat >maharashtra >telangana
◾️Tobacco
        ➡️Gujarat >andhra pradesh >uttar pradesh
◾️cashewnuts
        ➡️maharashtra >andhra pradesh >odisha
◾️mustard
        ➡️ rajasthan > haryana >madhya pradesh
◾️masur
        ➡️madhya pradesh >uttar pradesh >west                     bengal 

◾️soyabean
        ➡️ madhya pradesh >maharashtr>rajasthan

◾️milk
        ➡️uttar pradesh >rajasthan >madhypradesh 

◾️cumin
        ➡️gujarat >rajasthan >madhya pradesh
◾️turmeric
        ➡️telangana >maharashtra >tamilnadu
◾️onion
        ➡️maharashtra >madhya prades>karnataka


🔵india is the 3rd largest producer of fertilizer after china and usa.

🔵and 2nd largest consumer after china in the world.

🔵punjab is the leading consumer of chemical fertilizer in india, followed by Haryana, uttar pradesh.

🔵the lowest consumption of chemical fertilizer state in india is arunachal pradesh, followed by nagaland.

🔵punjab and haryana have the highest %of irrigated area, followed by uttar pradesh &tamilnadu.

🔵the national bank for agricultural and rural  development (NABARD) founded on 2july 1982

▪️the NABARD was established for providing credit for promotion of agriculture, small scale industries, handicrafts & other economic activities in rural areas.

🔵the major agriculture land in india is under
       ➡️Food crops.
🔵in which state of india wet agriculture is practiced ➡️ kerala.


🔵Revolution in india 

◾️Black revolution
                         ➡️ petroleum production
◾️Blue revolution
                         ➡️ Fisheries
◾️Brown revolution
                         ➡️ Honey -bee(apiculture)
◾️Evergreen revolution
               ➡️ over all development of agriculture
◾️Grey revolution
                       ➡️Housing Development /Fertilizers
◾️Golden revolution
                          ➡️ Horticulture
◾️Golden Fiber revolution
                          ➡️jute
◾️Green revolution
                          ➡️agriculture (wheat)
◾️pink revolution
                          ➡️prawn, onions, pharmaceutical
◾️red revolution
                          ➡️ meat and tomato
◾️Round revolution
                          ➡️potato
◾️silver Fibre Revolution
                          ➡️cotton
◾️silver revolution
                          ➡️poultry and eggs
◾️white revolution
                           ➡️Dairy development
◾️yellow revolution
                           ➡️oil-seeds




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