question from sound waves for competitive exam

sound waves

 some basic definitions

💢The waves which required no medium for their propagation or production are called 

                                         ➡️ electromagnetic waves

💢The waves which can be propagated or produced only in a material medium are called

                                                   ➡️ mechanical waves

💢How many types of mechanical waves two type

                                   ➡️ longitudinal and transverse

💢The particles of the medium vibrate perpendicular to the direction of propagation of wave that wave is called

                                 ➡️ transverse mechanical wave.

 💢the particle of the medium vibrate  in the direction of the propagation of wave ,that wave is called 

                              ➡️longitudinal mechanical waves

💢The maximum displacement of A vibrating particle of medium from its mean position is called 

                                                                  ➡️amplitude.

💢The number of vibration completed by a particle in one second is known as 

                                                                   ➡️frequency.

💢The frequency of sound waves can be expressed in 

                                                     ➡️cycles per second.

💢The product of the time period of a wave and its frequency is

                                                                      ➡️unity 

🌑relation between frequency and time period is inversely proportional






💢Examples of electromagnetic waves

                                                         ➡️ light and heat


 💢the unit of frequency is

                                                              ➡️Hertz





💢Sound waves is an example of

                           ➡️ longitudinal mechanical waves.


💢The sounds having a frequency of 20 hertz to 20000 Hertz are known as 

                                         ➡️audible or sound waves.






💢Sound waves  of wavelength greater than that of audible sound are called

                                                            ➡️ Sonic waves.




💢The velocity of sound less than 20 heart is known as 
                                                     ➡️infrasonic waves.





💢The infrasonic Waves produced by 

               ➡️earthquakes ,volcanic, eruption ,Ocean waves  elephant and whales.


💢The velocity of sound more than 20000 hertz is known as 

                                                    ➡️Ultrasonic waves.


Ultrasonic waves are those waves which human beings cannot hear.





💢Ultrasonic waves are used for

                      ➡️ sending signals ,measuring the depth of sea ,cleaning clothes and in ultrasonography.

Important question from sound waves

💢Sound can travel through➡️ solid liquid and gases.

💢Sound waves cannot passes through➡️ vacuum

💢Speed of sound is maximum in ➡️solid

💢Speed of sound is minimum in ➡️gases

💢Speed of sound is Greater in solids than in gases because 

                        ➡️the elasticity of solids is very high.

💢The speed of sound basically depends upon

                                             ➡️ elasticity and density.

💢when sound enters from one medium to another medium its speed and wavelength changes but

                                 ➡️ frequency remains constant.

💢By increasing or decreasing the pressure the speed of sound remain 

                                                                      ➡️constant

💢With the rise of temperature the speed of sound is
                                                                 ➡️ increases.

💢The speed of sound is more in humid air than in dry air because
                     ➡️ the density of humid air is less than the density of dry air.

💢The speed of sound in air increases by 0.61 M/S  when the temperature is increases by ➡️1°C

💢The speed of sound in air➡️ 332 m/s

💢The speed of sound in water➡️ 1483 M /s

💢The speed of sound in iron➡️ 5130 M/s

💢The unit used to measure loudness of sound is 

                                                                    ➡️decibel

💢What is the maximum limit of sound intensity in decibel units beyond  above which is harmful to human ear

                                                                   ➡️85 decibel.

💢The loudness of sound depends upon

                                                                 ➡️ amplitude.

💢Pitch of sound depends on

                                      ➡️ frequency of sound waves.

💢The quality of sound produced by an instrument depends on
   
                                         ➡️the number of overtones.

💢The speed of supersonic wave is measured in

                                                          ➡️ Mach number.

💢Mach number is the ratio of

             ➡️ velocity of sound and velocity of a body.

💢If Mach number more than 1, the body is called 

                                                                 ➡️Supersonic

💢If Mach number less than 1 the body is called 

                                                                  ➡️subsonic.

💢if Mach number more than 5 the body is called 

                                                                ➡️hypersonic.

💢Supersonic air planes create a shock wave  called

                                                              ➡️ sonic boom.

💢Bats can fly in the dark because they are guided by
                    ➡️ Ultrasonic waves produced by them.

💢The same notes being played on Sitar and Veena differ in

                                                                     ➡️ quality.

The quality of a musical note depends upon its harmonic content.

💢A group of soldiers on a bridge are advised not to walk in steps because 

     ➡️their movement causes the bridge to vibrate. 

💢The technique used to transmit audio signals in television broadcast is

                                            ➡️frequency modulation.










 💢ultraviolet light of Sun's radiation is prevented from reaching the earth's atmosphere by the layer of
                                                                         ➡️ ozone.










💢When a stone is dropped on the surface of still water the waves produced are 

           ➡️partly transverse and partly longitudinal.
















💢The waves used for a communication artificial satellite are 

                                                            ➡️microwaves













💢The structure of solids is investigated by using 

                                                                       ➡️X-rays








💢X-rays absorption will be maximum for the sheets of

                                                                            ➡️ lead.









💢X-rays are heavily absorbed by lead  atoms ,but to obtain X-rays photograph of stomach Barium sulphate is usually given to the patient instead  of lead salt, because 

                               ➡️lead salts are more poisonous.

💢The Echo is produced by the sound waves due to

                                                  ➡️ reflection of sound.

💢An echo will be heard if the minimum distance between the source of sound and obstacle is

                                                                      ➡️ 17 m .

💢The Echo  will be heard  if the original sound reflected by an obstacle is 

                                                            ➡️0.1 second.

💢At the moon the Echo is not heard  due to 

                                            ➡️absence of atmosphere.

💢SONAR stands for

                           ➡️ sound Navigation and Ranking. 

💢SONAR is based on 

                                             ➡️the principle of Echo.

💢Where the Sonar use  

                                    ➡️measure the depth of  a sea.

💢The Doppler's Effect is applicable for

                      ➡️ space waves , sound waves and light waves.

💢The pitch of frequency of the siren of a coming train  appears to be increasing because of  

                                                       ➡️doppler's effect.

💢Doppler Effect is independent of 

                ➡️distance between source and observer.






💢X-rays are vigorously used in the various 

➡️surgical diagnosis of bone fractures or the occurrence of disease in lungs Kidneys etc.in medical hospital and for various industrial purpose.

💢Gamma rays has maximum penetrating power and it is  utilized in 

      ➡️nuclear reaction and artificial radioactivity.








💢Infra -red radiation are utilised in the

➡️photography of the object behind the mist and fog.
 it is also used to warm the patients in hospital .  

 in TV remote also.










💢radio waves are 

                     ➡️utilised in Radio, TV and telephone .

RELATION BETWEEN UNION &STATE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAM

UNION-STATE RELATIONS 

The distribution of powers is an essential feature of the federalism . The federal system was adopted in India involves division of authority between the Union and the states .the Indian Constitution can be both unitary as well as Federal according to the requirements of the time and circumstances. the constitution of India is Federal in form but unitary in Spirit.


🔮Article 245 to 263 of part xi  and articles 268 to 293 of particle xii describe Three Types of centre state relations;


❄legislative relation

❄administrative relation

❄and financial relation.




Topics 

💢 legislative relation
( Union list, state list, concurrent list) 

💢administrative relation
( inter state Council, inter state commerce, zonal Council)

💢 financial relation
(distribution of taxes )

💢important Commission 















💢legislative relations




🔮Articles 245 to 255 of part xi describe legislative relations.




🔮The framers of our constitution divided the legislative powers between the center and the states in accordance with the Canadian constitution.

❄  However they added one more list to it.that is concurrent list.



 🔮According to Government of India Act 1935, the division of subjects was made into 3 list Federal, provincial  and concurrent.




🔮our constitution makers followed Government of India Act 1935 to added concurrent list in our constitution.



🔮According to article 245 (1) Parliament May make laws for the whole or any part of the territory of India and the Legislature of a state may make laws for the whole or any part of the state.



🔮According to article 246 Parliament has exclusive power to make laws with respect to any of the matters  enumerated in Union list & concurrent list of the seventh schedule.



🔮Indian Parliament make laws under the  residuary powers under article 248.



🔮Under article 249 parliament (Rajya Sabha )has a power to pass a resolution that  it is necessary in the national interest ,that Parliament should make laws on matter in the state list .



❄such a resolution should be supported by two third majority of member present and voting .



🔮Article 250 empowers the Parliament to make laws for the whole or any part of the territory of India with respect to any of the matters enumerated in the  state list.


❄Such a law however shall cease to effect on the expiration for six months after the proclamation of emergency has ceased to operate.



🔮Parliament can legislate on any subject mentioned in the state list in two cases



❄ (1)if Rajya Sabha authorised to do so in the national interest (article 249 )




❄(2)during proclamation of emergency (article 250)




🔮Under article 252, in the legislatures of the two or more states pass a resolution to the effect that it is desirable to have a law passed by Parliament on any matters in the state list common to these States,  Parliament can make laws in  that respect.




🔮Under article 253, Parliament has power to make any law for the whole or any part of the territory of India for implementing treaties and international agreements and conventions.





🔮Wherever the conflict arises as to a subject matter, the union list predominantes Over The Other lists.

💢Important subjects in various list

The constitution divides legislative authority between the Union and the states in  three list the union list , the state list ,and the concurrent list.





💢Union list

🔮The union list consists of 100 items (originally 97 items)

🔮The union Parliament has exclusive authority to frame laws on subjects enumerated in  the list.




🔮This list contains subjects like defence  ,Foreign Affairs, atomic energy, Armed force, Communications, Post and Telegraph, inter-state trade ,commerce ,foreign trade etc.




💢State list

🔮the state list consists of 61items (originally 66 items)




🔮State legislature have exclusive power to legislate on subjects mentioned in the state list.




 🔮the state list contains subjects like public order , local government ,public health and sanitation, libraries museum and other similar Institutions , agriculture, fisheries, Markets and fairs etc

💢Concurrent list

🔮Both Parliament and state legislatures can make laws on subjects given in the concurrent list, but the centre has a Prior  and superior claim to legislate on concurrent subjects.

 🔮the list comprise of 52 items (originally 47 items)

🔮This list contains subject like criminal law, forest, education ,marriage and divorce , preventive detention etc.

💢Residuary powers 

🔮Article 248



🔮Parliament has exclusive power to make laws on the subjects not mentioned in any of the lists

💢Administrative relations

🔮Article 256 to 263 in part xi of the Constitution deal with the administrative relations between the centre and the states.

🔮During the time of emergency Indian constitution works like a unitary government in normal times ,there are constitutional provisions which ensure the control of the union over the states.




💢some of the mechanism are

 🔮according to article 256,The executive power of the State shall be conducted in such a manner that it is consistent with the law made in Parliament. The Central Government may direct the State for this purpose.

🔮Further article 257 provides that States must exercise their executive power in such a way so as not to  impede or prejudice the exercise of the executive power of the union in the state.

🔮Article 262  states that all disputes between States regarding the use ,distribution or control of water are decided by the centre.

💢Financial relations

  🔮article 268 to 293 in part xii deal with the financial relations.

🔮The states are greatly dependent on the central government for finance.the state governments have been provided independent sources of revenue but these are inadequate .




🔮the union government has the power to borrow from within India or outside subject to the limits  down by the Parliament ,the borrowing power of the states is  subject to several limitations.





🔮Article 268 describes the duties levied by the union but collected and appropriated by the states.




 🔮article 269 describes the taxes levied and collected by the union but assigned to the states .




🔮article 270 describes the taxes levied and distributed between the Union and the states.





🔮Finance commission( article 280) recommends to the president on the distribution of net proceeds of taxes between the centre and States.

            💢Distribution of taxes💢

💢taxes belonging to Union exclusively 

Customs, Corporation ,taxes on capital values of Assets of individual and company, surcharge on income tax, fees in respect of matters in union list.

💢Taxes belonging to States exclusively

Land revenue
,stamp duty except in documents included in the union list,
succession duty
,estate duty and income tax on agricultural land, taxes on passengers and goods carried on inland waterways ,
taxes on lands and buildings,
 mineral rights. taxes on animals and boats ,Road vehicles on advertisements ,electricity,luxuries taxes on the entry of goods,  Sales Tax, tolls , on profession trade etc.

💢Commissions for the improvement of centre - state relations

There have been several efforts for the improvement of centre state relations .Central Government have set up many Commission to review and examine the federal relations from time to time ,leading among them are

💢Sarkari Commission

🔮Sarkari Commission was set up in June 1983 by the central government of India.

 🔮The sarkari Commission's charter was to examine the relationship and balance of power between state and Central governments in the country and suggest changes within the framework of the Constitution of India .

🔮it was headed by justice Rajinder  Singh sarkaria , a retired judge of the Supreme Court of India and other two members of the committee were shri Bsivaraman  and Dr SR Sen.

🔮Major recommendations are mentioned below

❄The centre should consult the States before making a law on a subject of the concurrent list .

❄the Governor's term of 5 years in a state should not be disturbed  except for some extremely compelling reason .

❄the surcharge on Income Tax should not be levied by the centre except for a specific purpose and For a strictly  Limited period .

❄when the president withholds his assent to the state bills, the reason should to communicated to the state government.

 ❄as provided in article 263,an inter state Council should be constituted to resolve the difference between the Union and the states .



❄the chief ministers of all the states should be ex-officio members of the Council.

 ❄the state should be given right to amend the subjects included in state list ,this requires an amendment to the article 252 of the constitution.

❄ an expenditure Commission should be set up at the union level .



❄the corporation tax should be distributed between centre and state.

❄The judges of high court should not be transferred against their 

💢MM PUNCHHI COMMISSION 

🔮A Commission on centre state relations was set up by the government of India in April 2007





🔮under the chairmanship of Madan Mohan punchhi ,former Chief Justice of India . some

of the recommendations given in its various reports are as below

❄It recommended higher Central transfers to backward States to enable them to improve their physical and human infrastructure.

❄It recommended for the adoption of a multi pronged strategy in the backward regions of the country  comprising public investment in infrastructure development,  proactive policies to attract private investment, higher public expenditure on social factors, such as health and education and area specific strategy for the growth of  agricultural production.

❄There should be much better co-ordination between the finance commission and the planning commission. the synchronisation of the periods Covered by the finance commission and the five year plan  will considerably  improve such  co-ordination. it recommended that another attempt be synchronise the periods.

💢Zonal councils

🔮The zonal councils are the statutory bodies .

🔮they are established by an act of the Parliament ,that is: States recognization act of 1956 .

🔮the ACt divided the country into 5 zone (northern , central, Eastern ,Western and southern )and provided a zonal Council for each zone.

🔮In India at present there are  six zonal Council (originally 5 zonal Council)

🔮Six zonal councils have been established to discuss and advice on matters of common interest.

🔮Northen zonal Council consist of Punjab Rajasthan Haryana Jammu Kashmir Uttarakhand Himachal Pradesh Chandigarh and national capital territory of Delhi.

🔮Central zonal Council consist of Uttar Pradesh Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh.

🔮Eastern zonal Council consist of of Bihar Jharkhand West Bengal Odisha .

🔮Western zonal Council consist of Maharashtra Goa Gujarat UT of Dadra Nagar Haveli and Daman Diu.

🔮Southern zonal Council consist of Andhra pradesh, Tamilnadu ,karnataka, Kerala and union territory of Puducherry.

🔮North Eastern Council it was created in 1972 for Assam Manipur Tripura Meghalaya Nagaland Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh .in 1994 Sikkim was included in it making its strength as 8.

🔮Each zonal Council consists of the following members

❄Home minister of the the central government chief ministers of all the states in the zone
 two other ministers from each state in the zone administrator of each union territory in the zone





🔮The home minister of Central government is the common chairman of the 6 zonal Council .





🔮Chief Minister acts as a vice chairman of the Council by rotation ,holding office for a period of one year at a time.





🔮AIM: promoting cooperation and coordination between States, union territories and the centre they discuss and make recommendations regarding matters like economic and social planning linguistic minorities border disputes interstate transport and so on .





🔮they are only deliberative and advisory body.

INDUS VALLEY CIVILISATION FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION IN DETAILS

HARAPPAN/INDUS CIVILISATION 

Hey guys, we all know how important topic is indus valley civilisation for competitive examination. Question comes from this topic in almost every exam. Here, i will explain in detail first. Then i will discuss the important questions of the topic as one liner. I think it will help you.  If it helps you, please share & comment. If you don't like it, comment on why you didn't like it. 

TOPICS 

🔴Discovery

🔴Geographical extent 

🔴Nomenclature of indus valley civilisation 

🔴Link with other civilisations 

🔴Features (Religious life, Town planning &structure, Economic life, script, social life, political life)

🔴Decline

🔴Most important MCQ

                           DISCOVERY 

🔘Indus civilisation is one of the four earliest civilisations of the world. First civilisation of the world is mesopotamia(Tigris & Euphrates ), Egypt (Nile), China(Hwang Ho).

🔘Excavation of harappa and Mohenjodaro  in punjab and sind (now in pakistan ), awarded the world about an ancient most advanced civilization.

🔘in 1924 sir john marshal announced the discovery of a new civilisation named Indus valley civilisation in London weekly.

🔘in 1826 charles  masson had got large number of bricks from a place named harappa.

🔘in 1856  Alexander Cunningham supervised the ruins of harappa. 

🔘in 1856 the english government started making railway track  from karachi to Lahore. For this the  work of excavation was started.

🧿 in 1921 Daya Ram Sahani got the site excavated at Harappa in the montgomery district of the Punjab( now in Pakistan) on the left Bank of ravi .
It was first discovered site of this civilization

🧿 just after one year in 1922 Rakhal Das Banerjee discovered the remains of Civilization at Mohenjo-daro in the Lakhan district of Sindh (now in Pakistan)

       

These two excavation prepared the foundation of a new chapter in history which is studied under the name of Indus Valley Civilization now let us study more about it.

            

          

                 GEOGRAPHICAL EXTENT 

🧿As per our present knowledge its area extends from

❄ the west suktagender on Makran coast (Pakistan-iran border)

❄ east alamgirpur in Uttar Pradesh (river Hindon) 

❄North Manda in Jammu (river Chenab )

❄South Daimabad in Maharashtra (river pravara )are major site

🧿Embracing an area larger than the present size of Pakistan.

🧿 from west to east the Indus Civilization covered an area of 1600 kilometre and from north to south of 1100 kilometre .

🧿 the shape of the civilization was triangular covering an area of about 12,50,000 sq.km.

🧿After the partition of India all the well known Harappan sites like Mohenjo Daro ,Harappa ,Chahundaro ,jhukar ,sutkagendor,Amri,kot Diji went to Pakistan.




🧿Kalibanga ,Lothal, Banwali, surkotada, Dholavira, rangpur,Ropar, alamgirpur ,Manda Rakhi Garhi are situated in India.

NOMENCLATURE OF INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION 

❄The most appropriate name Harappan civilization 

❄Harappa was the first discovered site 

❄Harappan Civilization named by John Marshall after the first discovered site Harappa

❄ the most prevalent name indus Civilization (the largest concentration of settlement along the Indus river valley)

Links with other civilizations 

🧿the sumerian civilization was a part of Mesopotamian Civilization. 

🧿Harappans had close trade relations with Mesopotamian.

🧿Mesopotamian seal are found from
Mohenjodaro and kalibangan, Persian seal from Lothal.

                          Features 

town planning

🧿The most striking feature of Harappan Civilization is its town planning and sanitation.

🧿The towns were divided into two parts :upper part or Citadel and lower part.

 ❄the fortified Citadel on the Western side House Public buildings and members of ruling class. 

❄ below the Citadel on the eastern side of the lower town inhabited by the common people.

🧿Systematic town planning on the lines of grid system .

   ❄Meaning off grid system - States cutting across one another at right angles,dividing the town into large rectangular blocks.

🧿use of burnt bricks in constructions.

🧿At Lothal and kalibangan residential houses were made of sun dried bricks.

🧿Most of the houses had wells within them and a drainage system carried the waste water to the main underground drain of the state.

❄ they were covered with either bricks or stone slabs and equipped with manhole.

    this shows developed sense of Health and sanitation.


🧿The arrangement for street lighting were
available for the people.


🧿The main Streets  Ran  from north to south varied from 9 feet to 34 feet in width.


 🧿Municipal authority controlled the development of the city.

Religious life 

🧿Harappan people had features of Hinduism such as worship of the mother goddess,Pashupati,Shiva ,scared animals, trees etc.

 🧿clay figures of the mother goddess as the symbol of fertility have been found.

🧿chief male deity Pashupati Mahadeva( proto Shiva) represented in seals as sitting in a yogic posture on a low throne and having three faces and two horns .

     ❄he is surrounded by an elephant , a tiger  ,a Rhino and a buffalo and two dear appear at his feet. 

     ❄Lingam and Yoni worship was prevalent.

🧿The most common animal found on the Harappan seal is the Bull which has been referred to as a unicorn .

 🧿tree worshipping was a culture in this Civilization.

     ❄Pipal Tree was the most worshipped tree.

🧿Animals( Bull )Birds (dove, pigeon )were worshiped.

🧿Swastik and Cross signs were harbingers of good luck. 

🧿We don't find any tracer of temple or places for worship at any of the Harappan sites.

🧿Fire altars are found at Lothal and kalibangan.

🧿Indus people believed in Ghost and evil forces.

Funerary customs 

🧿Mohenjo Daro three forms of burial 

          -   complete ,fractional and post cremation.

   (FRACTIONAL BURIALS: only a collection of bones are buried after the exposure of the body of wild beasts and birds)

🧿Kalibangan two forms of burial 
                               -circular and rectangular grave



🧿 surkotada pot burial

🧿 Lothal  double burial.

🧿Harappa east-west Axis,R- 37 and H cemetery.

                           Economic life

 Agriculture 

🧿Agriculture was the backbone of the Harappan people. 

🧿They produced wheat ,Barley, peas, Ragi ,etc

.

🧿They were  first to produce  cotton in the world .

❄which Greek called as sindon  derived from Sind.

🧿No evidence of channel or Canal irrigation has been discovered from the sites of this civilization.

🧿Sugarcane was not known to Indus people.

Domestication of Animals 

Animals were kept on a large scale .

🧿they domesticated buffaloes oxens,  sheep,goats pigs, elephants, dogs ,cats etc.

🧿 camels bone are reported at Kali bangan .

🧿 the only evidence of the horse comes from surkotada.

Trade and commerce 

🧿Trade was based on barter system.

🧿The Indus people used weights and measures in the multiples of 16.

🧿The Harappan had trading relations with the  sumeria or Mesopotamia .

🧿Harappan seals and products were also discovered at Sumer.

🧿Major exports Agricultural Products, cotton  goods, Terracotta figure, pottery, Ivory products, copper etc.

🧿Gold silver Tin and lead were imported from Iran and Afghanistan and copper imported from (Khetri )Rajasthan.

ART AND CRAFT

🧿Harappans used stone tools and implements.

The greatest  artistic creation of the Harappan culture were the seals, made of steatite.

🧿Bronze was made by mixing copper with tin.

🧿Both plain (red) or painted( red and black) pottery was made.

🧿Bronze image of nude  women dancer (identified as Devdasi) and stone steatite image of a bearded man( both obtained from Mohenjo-daro).

🧿Terracotta model of a ships comes from 👉Lothal.

🧿Which types of Harappan pottery is  said to be the earliest example of its kind in the world👉 Glazed.

SOCIAL AND POLITICAL LIFE

🧿Indus people believed in simple living and high thinking .women were given honour in society . family was regulated in the name of mother .

🧿the Indus Civilization had four different classes in which the society was divided Scholars , Warriors ,Businessman and Labourers.

 🧿no evidence of caste system has been found yet.

🧿Harappan political system was organised on the pattern of city States which were highly disciplined on account of dominant social controls.

🧿According to Rs Sharma - merchants were rulers.

❄DD Koshmabi -priests were rulers.

SCRIPT

🧿The language of the Harappan is still unknown.

 🧿it was pictographic in nature.it was written from right to left in the first line and then left to right in the second line. the style is called Boustrophedon.

🧿Their language is closer to Dravidian than to any other known languages .

🧿It will be turning point in the history of India when this Indus script is deciphered. 

🧿Who has been claiming that he has successfully deciphered the Indus script, though others have not accept his claim is  👉S R Rao.

Decline of the Indus civilization

🧿There are many different theories that shows the decline of the Indus culture.

🧿M wheeler - 'Indra is  accused of causing the decline of Indus civilization' .

🧿The Rig Veda speaks of a battle at a place named "Hariyumpia"which has been identified with Harappa.



🧿Mohenjo Daro was believed to have destructed by floods .




🧿Floods and earthquakes change in the course of river Indus, aridity of the area or dying up of river ghagara, the invention of Aryans are the supposed reason for the decline of the civilization.




🧿Who propounded the theory of ecological degradation as the causes for the decline of the Harappan culture George F Dales.




🧿Which Indus sites was destroyed by fire Kot diji.





🧿Which Vedic texts, apart from the Rigveda Samhita ,cities indra  as the destroyer of the Indus Civilization  Taittiriya Brahmana.

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AS ONE LINER

🌀 Indus Valley Civilization belongs to
                                                             👉 bronze age

🌀 Indus Valley Civilization forms part of the
                                            👉 proto history of India.

🌀TheIndus valley civilization flourished during                                                         👉 2500 to 1700 BC

🌀 Indus Valley Civilization flourished along the river   
                                                       👉 Indus.

🌀 the most significant feature of the Indus valley civilization was
                                                       👉town planning.

🌀which soil was used to make brick in the Indus valley civilization
                                                        👉 Alluvial soil.

 🌀the people of the Indus valley civilization usually built their houses of
                                                          👉pakka brick.

🌀  Indus valley civilization was known non Aryan because 
                                                         👉it was urban.

🌀the evidence of the Indus valley civilization were first discovered
                                                      👉at Harappa.

🌀The group of 6 granaries in a row have been found
                                                       👉at Harappa .

🌀The largest building of Harappan Civilization that has been found granary
                                                   👉at Mohenjo-daro.

🌀The evidence of bangles has been found
                                                   👉 at kalibanga .

🌀Which was the most important feature of the Harappan towns
                                                  👉 grid planning.

🌀Harappan tools and implements were made of   
                                                👉Copper and bronze.

🌀Which metal was not known to the Harappan people
                                                           👉iron.

🌀Most of the Harappan pottery were of
                                                            👉red colour.

🌀The main crops of Harappan Civilization were                                                     👉wheat and barley.

🌀With Which crop the Harappan people were unacquainted
                                                            👉sugarcane.

🌀The greatest artistic creation of Harappan culture
                                                                  👉 seals.

🌀Mohenjo Daro or Mound of dead was discovered by scholar
                              👉 rakhal Das Banerjee in 1922.

🌀The largest number of seals have been found at
                                                   👉 Mohenjo-daro.

🌀Seals were perhaps used by
                                      👉Marchants and traders.

🌀Pashupati seal has been found at
                                                   👉Mohenjo Daro.

🌀Bearded figure has been found at
                                                       👉 Mohenjo Daro .




🌀The great bath of the Indus valley civilization was found at
                                                         👉Mohenjo Daro.

🌀Which town of Indus valley civilization was flooded and destroyed more than 7 times
                                                      👉Mohenjo Daro.

🌀In which Harappan city a bronze dancing girl was found
                                                        👉Mohenjo Daro.

🌀In which place in Indus Valley Civilization rice husk has been found
                                               👉 Lothal and rangpur.

🌀Terracotta model of ship has been found at
                                                                 👉Lothal.

🌀At which place in Indus Valley Civilization the evidence of chess and a measuring scale have been found
                                                                    👉 Lothal.

🌀How many photographs were found in Indus Valley Civilization
                                                               👉250 to 400.




🌀Latest Harappan site discovered Dholavira.
The largest site
                                                       👉 Mohenjo Daro.




🌀The largest Indian site
                                    👉Rakhigarhi.




🌀Indus sites found in Afghanistan 
                                      👉shatughai  and mundigaq.




🌀The main cause of the Indus Civilization
                                                            👉Dravidian.





🌀The entry port for trade between Indus and Mesopotamia
                                                             👉Bahrain.

🌀The trace of Sati system is found in
                                             👉Lothal( joint burial).





🌀They did not worship the cow as we do today.




🌀The origin of Swastika is discovered from the
                                                👉Indus civilization.





🌀The earliest precursors of the Harappan sealsTerracotta seals found at 👉mehrgarh





🌀At only one of the Indus sites have archaeologists discovered a Middle town as distinct from the citadel and the lower town the site is 👉Dholavira.





🌀The maximum concentration of Harappan site is in the plains of the 👉Indus and its tributaries.





🧿While Lothal is the only indus city whose  citadel and lower town are together surrounded by its city brick Walls , 
   one another indus city has the distinction of having its lower town also being surrounded by a separate massive brick wall 👉 kalibangan





🧿Indus people used a gold and silver mixture called
                                                           👉 electrum






🧿Indus people were the first to use copper in India




🧿the largest number of Harappan sites in post independent India have been discovered from

                                                                👉Gujarat





🧿Which Harappan sites has a stone fortification with square bastions at the corners and in the centres of the longer sides
                                                       
                                                           👉 surkotada.




🧿Harappan bricks were mainly made in

                                                     👉an open mould.




🧿Where did the excavators Discover a third small mound , distinct from the Citadel and the lower town containing only remants of fire altars
                                                           👉 kalibangan.





🧿Majority of the Indus Terracotta figures were

                                                             👉hand model .




🧿Which metals made its earliest appearance in India before any other place in the world
 
                                                             👉 silver.




🧿The majority of the Harappan pottery was

                                                         👉plain pottery.




🧿Bones of camel are discovered at

                                                         👉 kalibangan




🧿Which processes was used in the manufacture of Harappan seals

                                                                 👉cutting.




🧿Which Indus sites has houses with do0rs  on the main street

                                                                     👉 lothal.




🧿Which has the earliest ploughed  field in the world

                                 👉Kalibangan and Banawali.





🧿The ruins of Harappa were first noticed by

                                                  👉Charles Manson.




🧿The dockyard at at Lothal, is well connected through a channel to the river

                                                             👉bhogava.




🧿The Harappan culture as a whole gives the picture of a changeless, stagnant society .but this can be disproved by the changes in

                                                           👉 the pottery.




🧿Of the all Harappan sites ,which has the most impressive drainage system

                                                       👉 Mohenjo-daro.





🧿which place gives more clues with regard to the transition from the pre  Harappan to the mature Harappan culture

                                                       👉Amri.





🧿Which place had a culture, called jhangar culture ,in its late Harappan phase

                                                         👉Amri




🧿The most beautiful brick work of the harappans is found in the

                                                         👉great bath.




🧿How many granaries are there in Harappa

                                                           👉 6




🧿At which indus  cities do we find evidence of strengthening of the Defence at a later phase

                                                        👉Harappa .




🧿Indus people achieved maximum amount of standardization in

                                                         👉bricks.




 🧿the earliest evidence of man in India is found in

                                                        👉Shivalik Hills.





🧿where we find the three phases paleolithic mesolithic and Neolithic culture in sequence

                                                          👉belan Valley.





🧿The earliest evidence yet available for settled agriculture in the subcontinent comes from

                                                       👉mehrgarh.






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SCIENCE IN EVERYDAY LIFE For COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION

EVERYDAY SCIENCE MCQ AS ONE LINER


🔶Glycerol is purified by ➡️ Vacuum distillation.



🔶steam distillation technique are used for the separation of ➡️sandalwood oil, aniline, nitrobenzene.


🔶chromatography technique are used for the separation of ➡️ plant pigments, Dye stuffs, isolation.


🔶crystallization technique are used for the separation of ➡️ Mixture of sugar and salt by using ethyl alcohol.


🔶the estimation of age ofvthe carbon bering materials are done by ➡️ Radiocarbon dating.


🔶Age of fossil may be found out by determining the ratio of two isotopes of carbon. The isotopes are ➡️ c12 & c14


🔶the estimation of age of the earth, minerals and rocks are done  by ➡️ uranium dating.


🔶why sodium -24 is injected along  with salt solution ➡️ the flow of blood.


🔶which radioisotopes used in treatment of thyroid diseases ➡️ Iodine -131


🔶which radioisotopes used for brain imaging ➡️ Iodine -123


🔶which radioisotopes used in treatment of cancer disease ➡️ cobalt -60


🔶which radioisotopes used in treatment of leukemia therapy disease ➡️ phosphorus  -32



🔶which radioisotopes used in study the kinetics of photosynthesis ➡️ carbon -14


🔶the acid used in eye wash is ➡️ Boric acid.



🔶what is the main harmful drug found in tobacco ➡️ Nicotine.


🔶where the hydrochloric acid use ➡️ Gastric juices, dying, bathroom cleaner, tanning of leather and drugs  etc.


🔶where the nitric acid use ➡️ Fertilizer, dynamite, medicines, drugs and explosive etc.


🔶where the formic acid use ➡️ Insecticides, as a preservation of green fruits and rubber etc.



🔶where the sulphuric acid use ➡️ Petroleum exploration, colours, alum, medicines, detergents, fertilizer and battery etc.


🔶where the oxalic acid use ➡️ Photography, colouration and printing of clothes, removing ink or rust spot from the cloth.


🔶the purest form of water is ➡️ Rain water.


🔶plaster of paris is made of➡️ Gypsum


🔶where the plaster of paris use ➡️ for making toys, for plaster fractured bones, making surfaces smooth etc.


🔶setting of plaster of paris involves ➡️ Hydration to form other hydrates.


🔶where the element required for solar energy conversion ➡️ silicon.



🔶Tungsten is mainly used for making filaments of electric bulbs because of its ➡️ High melting point.



🔶which metal isused  in storage  batteries ➡️ Lead



🔶the first metal used by man was ➡️ copper



🔶the metal that is present in photo films is ➡️ silver


🔶which element pollutes the air ➡️ Lead


🔶the wire of flash bulb is made of ➡️ magnesium


🔶chocolates can be bad for health because it content high percentage of which element ➡️ Nickel.


🔶potassium permanganate is used for purifying drinking  water, because ➡️ it is an oxidising agent.



🔶Helium gas is filled in balloons because ➡️ it is lighter than air.



🔶the gases used in the respiratory activities of sailors (divers) are ➡️ Oxygen  and Helium



🔶where the helium gas use ➡️ filling balloons, weather related information and tyres of the aircraft etc.



🔶where the neon gas use ➡️ neon bulbs and fluorescent bulbs etc.



🔶where the Argon  gas use ➡️ Arc. Welding and to fill incandescent light bulbs.



🔶where the  krypton gas use ➡️ Airport runway and approach light.



🔶where the Xenon  gas use ➡️ high intensity, short exposure photographic, flash tubes etc.



🔶where the radon  gas use ➡️ for the treatment of cancer (Radiotherapy ).


🔶which material is used to make electric heater coil ➡️ Nichrome.


🔶the material used for electric fuse is an alloy of tin and lead.this alloy should have ➡️ High specific resistance and low melting point.


🔶where the ferric oxide use ➡️ jeweler rough


🔶where the silver nitrate use ➡️ prepare to ink


🔶where the silver iodide use ➡️ Artificial rain


🔶cooking gas contains a mixture of ➡️ methane & ethylene.


🔶the main components of the liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)➡️ methane, propane, butane


🔶which gas is found in maximum quantity in LPG gas cylinder ➡️ Butane


🔶which is a strong is smelling agent added to LPG cylinder to help in the detection of gas leakage ➡️ Ethyl mercaptan or thioethanol


🔶LPG is stored at ➡️ High pressure.


🔶which is better domestic fuel ➡️ LPG


🔶LPG in a domestic gas cylinder is stored in ➡️ Liquid state


🔶which gas is used in the cigarette lighter ➡️ Butane


🔶which fuel causes minimum environmental pollution ➡️ Hydrogen.


🔶Natural gas, petroleum, and coal are ➡️ Fossil fuels.


🔶which is obtained by carbonization of vegetable matter ➡️ coal.


🔶which is used as a filler in rubber tyres ➡️ Carbon black


🔶petroleum is a dark oily liquid also  called as ➡️ rock oil, mineral oil, crude oil or black gold.


🔶petroleum consists of a mixture of ➡️ Hydrocarbons


🔶by which we can measure the quality of petrol ➡️ Octane number.


🔶who determines the petroleum price in the world ➡️ OPEC


🔶by which we can measure the quality of diesel ➡️ Cetane number


🔶in firework, the red flame is produced because of ➡️ strontium


🔶in firework, the yellow  flame is produced because of ➡️ sodium


🔶in firework, the blue flame is produced because of ➡️ copper



🔶in firework, the green flame is produced because of ➡️ Barium


🔶in firework, the orange  flame is produced because of ➡️ calcium


🔶the most common fire extinguisher is ➡️ water


🔶the gas used to extinguish fire isv➡️ carbon dioxide


🔶which type of fire extinguisher is used for petroleum fire➡️ powder type.


🔶the tip of the match stick contains ➡️ mixture of antimony trisulphide &  potassium colorate.


🔶the side of match box contains ➡️ mixture of powdered glass and red phosphorus.


🔶which gas is inside an electrical bulb ➡️ Nitrogen


🔶which exide of nitrogen is used in chloroform solution ➡️ Nitrogen pent oxide


🔶which gas is 1.5 times heavier than water ➡️ carbon dioxide.


🔶which gas is essential for photosynthesis process ➡️ carbon dioxide


🔶what are the major pollutants of cigarette smoke ➡️ carbon monoxide & benzene


🔶which compound caused tragedy of Bhopal in 1984➡️ Methyl isocyanate


🔶which water that does not form lather with soap easily is called ➡️ Hard water


🔶Temporary hardness of water is due to the presence of ➡️ sulphates of calcium and magnesium.


🔶permanent hardness of water may be removed by addition of ➡️ sodium carbonate or calgon or zeolite.


🔶Major gaseous pollutant of thermal power station is ➡️ SO2


🔶the depletion of ozone layer is due to ➡️ chlorofluorocarbons


🔶Taj mahal is greatly affected due to ➡️ Acid rain


🔶where is the smog is likely to occur ➡️ Near  the industrial areas.


🔶the water pollution in the rivers are measured by ➡️ Amount of dissolved oxygen.


🔶the first organic compounds synthesized in the laboratory is ➡️ urea.


🔶the most abundantly found organic compound in the nature is ➡️ Cellulose


🔶the alcohol is used in the preparation of dynamite is ➡️ Glycerene.


🔶Detergents also called ➡️ soapless soap


🔶the advantage of detergents over soaps is ➡️ Detergents give lather even with hard water


🔶the chief source for the production of nitrogenous fertilizers is ➡️ Ammonia


🔶Raw materials used for the manufacturer of glass are ➡️ sand, soda, limestone


🔶where the flint glass use ➡️ optical instruments (like lens of camera, prisms, microscope, telescope etc.)


🔶where the crown glass use ➡️ Optical instruments.


🔶where the jena glass use ➡️ Bottles for keeping acids and alkalies in laboratory.


🔶where the crook's glass use ➡️ Eye lenses used in different eye defects and spectacles as it absorbs uv rays.


🔶which type of glass used in making bulletproof material ➡️ Glass laminates


🔶which type of glass is used for making glass reinforced plastic ➡️ Fibre glass


🔶cement os usually a mixture of ➡️ calcium silicate & calcium aluminate


🔶 cement is formed by strongly heating a mixture of ➡️ Limestone & clay.


🔶Non stick cooking utensil are coated with ➡️ Teflon.


🔶the name of plastic polymer from which combs, toys, bowls etc. Can be made  is ➡️ polystyrene.


🔶which polymeric materials is used for making bulletproof jackets ➡️ Kevlar


🔶which synthesis fiber is known as artificial silk ➡️ Rayon.


🔶the first synthetic fiber made by man was ➡️ Nylon


🔶in vulcanization, natural rubber is heated with ➡️ sulphur


🔶the substance that is added to make natural rubber strong and more bouncy is ➡️ sulphur


🔶if the rubber vulcanized with 5% sulphur, it is used for ➡️ making tyres



🔶if the rubber vulcanized with 30% sulphur, it is used for ➡️ making battery cases


🔶Rubber is coagulated from latex by adding ➡️ Acetic acid


🔶why analgesic medicines is used ➡️ to reduce
Pain.


🔶Acetyl salicylic acid is commonly used as which medicine ➡️ pain killer


🔶examples of analgesics medicines are ➡️ Aspirin, paracetamol, morphine.


🔶why antipyretics medicines is used ➡️ to reduce body temperature during high fever.


🔶example of antipyretics medicines are ➡️ aspirin, paracetamol, phenacetin, analgin, novalgin.


🔶dettol is a mixture of➡️ chloroxylenol and a-terpineol


🔶the antiseptic compound present in dettol➡️ chloroxylenol


🔶the part of cinchona plant which yields quinine is ➡️ Bark


🔶an iron ball and a wooden ball of the same radius are released from the same height in a vacuum. The time taken by both of the these to reach the ground is ➡️ exactly equal.


🔶a bullet fired from a gun making an angle of 45° with the earth's surface follows a ➡️ parabola path.


🔶the gravitational force of attraction between the sun and earth is balanced by➡️ centripetal force.


🔶fat can be separated from milk in a cream separator because of ➡️ centrifugal force.


🔶the working principal of a washing machine is ➡️ centrifugal force.


🔶when  a running car stop suddenly, the passengers tendbto lean forward because of ➡️ inertia of motion.


🔶Dusting of a blanket employs which scientific principal  ➡️ moment of inertia.


🔶if a bus takes a sharp turn then passengers inside move outward due to ➡️ inertia


🔶a rocket and jet engine works on the principal of conservation of ➡️ Linear momentum


🔶when a man jumps a boat to the shore, the boat slightly moves away from the shore due to ➡️ conservation of linear momentum.


🔶when a bullet is fired fromva gun recoils or gives a sharp pull in backward direction due to ➡️conservation of linear momentum.


🔶why a cricket player draws his hand back while catching ➡️ Due to impulse


🔶why bogies of a train are provided with buffers ➡️ Due to impulse.


🔶why vehicles like car, buses and scooter are provided with shockers ➡️ Due to impulse



🔶when a cricketer lowers his hand while catching the ball, its saves him from injury ➡️due to  impulse  force.


🔶Ball bearings are used in cycles, scooters etc. To ➡️ Reduce the friction between the wheel and the axle.


🔶when a body falls from an aeroplane, increasing its ➡️ Kinetic energy.


🔶a flying aeroplane possesses of ➡️ both kinetic &potential energy.


🔶The dynamo is a device for converting ➡️ mechanical energy into electrical energy


🔶The electric motor is a device for converting ➡️ electrical energy into mechanical energy.



🔶the solar cell is a device for converting ➡️ solar energy into electrical energy.


🔶the microphone is a device for converting
➡️ sound energy into electrical energy.


🔶the loudspeaker is a device for converting ➡️ electrical energy into sound energy.


🔶the musical instrument is a device for converting ➡️ mechanical energy into sound energy.


🔶candle converts ➡️ chemical energy into light energy and thermal energy.


🔶the electric cell(Battery ) is a device for converting ➡️ chemical energy into electrical energy.


🔶coal converts ➡️ chemical energy into thermal energy


🔶Heat engine converts ➡️ heat energy into mechanical energy.


🔶the electrical bulb is a device for converting ➡️ electrical energy into light energy.


🔶in which process light energy is converted into chemical energy ➡️ photosynthesis.


🔶the value of the g at the center of the earth is ➡️ zero.


🔶when we go above the surface of the earth, the acceleration due to gravity goes on ➡️ decrease


🔶when we go below  the surface of the earth, the acceleration due to gravity goes on ➡️ decrease


🔶the intensity of the earth's gravitational field is maximum at ➡️ the pole



🔶the intensity of the earth's gravitational field is minimum at ➡️ the equator.


🔶if we move from the equator to a pole, the value of g➡️ increase



🔶if we move from the pole to equator,  the value of g➡️ decrease.


🔶the rate of rotation of earth decrease, then the value of g ➡️ increase.



🔶the rate of rotation of earth increase, then the value of g ➡️ decrease.


🔶when a stone piece is brought from the moon's surface to the earth then ➡️ its weight wiil change but its mass would remain constant.


🔶which is the world's first man made satellite ➡️ sputnik


🔶india's first artificial satellite Aryabhata was launched from ➡️ soviet union in 1975.


🔶the weight of an object in a satellite orbiting around the earth is ➡️ zero


🔶a man inside of an artificial satellite feels weightlessness because the force of attraction due to the earth is ➡️ Equal to the centripetal force.


🔶Geostationary satellite are used for ➡️ reflected tv signals and telecast tv programs from one part of the world to another.


🔶which satellite helps to telecast tv network all over india ➡️ INSAT - IB


🔶polar satellite are used for ➡️ weather forecasting.


🔶in how many hours does polar satellite complete its one  revolution around the earth ➡️ 84 minutes.


🔶in how many hours does Geostationary  satellite complete its one  revolution around the earth ➡️ 24 hours.


🔶when satellite launched which velocity needed ➡️ Escape velocity.


🔶if lift is stationary or moving upward and downward with uniform speed ➡️ the weight of a body is equal to its true weight.


🔶A apparent weights of a person sitting in a lift is more than its real weight when the lift moves ➡️ Accelerating upward.


🔶A apparent weights of a person sitting in a lift is less than its real weight when the lift moves ➡️ Accelerating  downward.


🔶a person weights zero in a lift, which is ➡️ the cord of the lift broken.


🔶which instrument is used for the measurement of atmospheric pressure ➡️ Barometer.


🔶the sudden fall of the reading barometer indicates that the weather is ➡️ storm


🔶the slow  fall of the reading barometer indicates that the weather is ➡️  Rain


🔶the slow rise of the reading barometer indicates that the weather is ➡️ clear.


🔶in summer, sometimes the bicycle tube bursts inside the tube  because ➡️ the pressure of the air increases.


🔶the  fountain pen of a passenger leaks in aeroplane at height because ➡️ low atmospheric pressure.


🔶in high mountainous region bleeding through nose  because ➡️ the pressure of the blood in the capillaries is higher than the outside air pressure.


🔶the inside pressure of a soap bubble is ➡️ more than the atmospheric pressure.



🔶the operating principal of a hydraulic press, hydraulic lift and hydraulic brake is ➡️ pascal's law.


🔶when some detergent is added to water, the surface tension ➡️ decrease


🔶Raindrops are spherical due to ➡️ surface tension


🔶Floatation of needle on water due to ➡️ surface tension


🔶Dancing of camphor  on water due to ➡️ surface tension


🔶oil spreads over the surface of water  because ➡️ oil has less surface tension than water.



🔶The absorption of ink by blotting paper involves ➡️ capillarity action phenomenon.


🔶the rise of kerosene oil in wicks of lamps is due to which property of liquids ➡️ capillary action.


🔶melted wax in a candle rises up to wick by ➡️ capillary action.


🔶the root hairs of plants draw water from the soil through ➡️ capillary action.



🔶Action of towel in soaking up water from the body is due to➡️ capillary action of cotton in the towel.


🔶it is easier to swim in a sea water than in ordinary water because ➡️ Density of sea water is higher than that of ordinary water.


🔶a ship rises as it entres the sea from a river because the ➡️  Density of sea water is higher than of ordinary water.



🔶when cream is separated from milk the density of milk ➡️ increases


🔶Ice floats on water surface  because ➡️ Density of ice is lesser than the density of water.


🔶a piece  of ice is dropped in a glass of water, after melting of ice the level of water is ➡️ does not change.




🔶when a liquid flow through a pipe, its speed is maximum near ➡️ axis of pipe.


🔶when a liquid flow through a pipe, its speed is minimum near ➡️ walls of pipe.



🔶An ordinary pendulum clock runs faster in winter but slower in summer, because ➡️ the length of pendulum increase in summer but the length of pendulum decreases in winter.


🔶The time period of a simple pendulum at the center of earth is ➡️ infinite


🔶At moon the time period of simple pendulum increases because ➡️ Gravity at moon is very less.


🔶sound wave is an example of ➡️ Longitudinal mechanical waves.


🔶the sound having a frequency of 20 Hertz to 20000 Hertz are known as ➡️ Audible or sound waves.


🔶the velocity of less than 20 Hertz is known as➡️ Infrasonic waves.


🔶 the  infrasonic waves produced by ➡️ Earthquake, volcanic, eruption, ocean waves, elephants and whales.


🔶 the vvelocity of more than 20000 Hertz is known as➡️ ultrasonic waves.



🔶the ultrasonic waves are used for ➡️ sending signal, measuring the depth of sea, cleaning clothes & in ultrasonography.


🔶Bats can fly in the dark, because ➡️ They are guided by ultrasonic waves produced by them.




🔶at what temperature both celsius and fahrenheit scales equal ➡️ -40°



🔶Mercury is commonly used as a thermometric fluid rather than water because ➡️ Mercury has greater visibility than water.



🔶Temperature of the sun is measured with ➡️ Pyrometer.



🔶which of the substance has greatest specific heat ➡️ water



🔶which of the substance has lowest specific heat ➡️ Mercury.


🔶Clear nights are colder than  cloudy nights because of ➡️ radiation


🔶Heat from the sun reaches the earth by ➡️ Radiation.













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